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La incidencia de los fenómenos de contacto no puede estudiarse de forma aislada, sino en conjunción con la realidad sociolingüística que atañe a las lenguas implicadas. La última década ha presenciado la eclosión de literatura que analiza la casuística del contacto, sus manifestaciones y su presunto poder de reconfiguración de los sistemas lingüísticos (Ortigosa, 2010). En un contexto global en que el multilingüismo se muestra cada vez más como la norma y no la excepción (Tucker, 2001), la comunidad de investigadores parece otorgar un valor primordial al estudio de los fenómenos que derivan del contacto entre lenguas. El presente ensayo aborda la cuestión de los préstamos y los calcos que se documentan en el español moderno, especialmente en el caso de las innovaciones que proceden del inglés y que se emplean frecuentemente en el habla de los Estados Unidos. Systematic quantitative analysis thus reveals the powerful role of discourse referentiality of nominal forms, in tandem with local practices. It is argued that the morphosyntactic patterns found reflect the community norms, in which English-origin nouns tend to perform certain discourse functions. Among their many functions, these nouns are best suited in this community for naming kin, classifying individuals as belonging to a certain occupation, and creating verbal compounds. The impact is felt here not from English, but from the conventions of the local community. Regarding gender, the preference for masculine assignment for lone English-origin nouns is tied to both nonreferentiality and the general patterns found in Spanish.
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In the case of determiner patterning, lone English-origin nouns’ propensity to occur with indefinite articles or as bare is linked to use in a nonreferential predicating function. The semantic domains most open to English-origin nouns include both those traditionally expected, such as technology, and those generally thought to be unborrowable, such as kinship terms. A total of 820 lone English-origin nouns surrounded by otherwise Spanish discourse are compared to Spanish and English nouns from the recorded speech of the same bilingual speakers in New Mexico.
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This paper offers an examination of morphosyntactic factors that are generally understood to measure grammatical integration-and therefore used to help determine the status of other-language-origin nouns as borrowings or code-switches-through the lens of discourse, semantics, and lexical patterns.